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We Don't Need Deep-Sea Mining, or Its Environmental Harms. Here's Why

The Deep-Sea Mining Debate: Environmental Risks vs. Economic Promises

The prospect of deep-sea mining has ignited a fierce debate, pitting proponents who tout its potential to provide critical minerals for the burgeoning green energy sector against environmental advocates who warn of potentially devastating ecological consequences. While proponents paint a picture of economic prosperity for developing nations, a growing body of evidence suggests that the environmental risks far outweigh the purported benefits.

Deep-sea mining involves extracting polymetallic nodules, potato-sized rock formations found on the ocean floor. These nodules contain valuable metals and minerals, including zinc, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and rare earth elements, all crucial components in batteries, electronics, and other technologies driving the energy transition.

Although the technology to extract these nodules exists, commercial-scale deep-sea mining remains largely unrealized. The International Seabed Authority (ISA), an intergovernmental body, is currently working to finalize a comprehensive "mining code" that would regulate deep-sea mining activities in international waters. The completion of this code could pave the way for commercial mining operations to commence in the near future.

Environmental Concerns and Monitoring Efforts

Growing concerns about the potential environmental impacts of deep-sea mining have spurred scientific research aimed at understanding and mitigating these risks. Recent research highlights the significant disturbance to the seabed caused by nodule extraction. The process, which involves scooping up nodules and pumping vast quantities of water, can damage delicate deep-sea ecosystems and endanger marine life.

Scientists are working to develop environmental management and monitoring frameworks to protect deep-sea ecosystems from the potential harms of mining. These frameworks aim to provide science-based tools for evaluating environmental risks and ensuring the sustainability of any future deep-sea mining operations.

Despite these efforts, skepticism remains regarding the feasibility of effectively managing and monitoring the ecological impacts of deep-sea mining. The deep-sea environment is still largely unexplored, and the long-term consequences of disrupting these ecosystems are poorly understood. Research indicates that nodule mining could lead to extensive habitat loss and damage, potentially impacting marine life for decades to come.

Questioning the Need for Deep-Sea Mining

A central argument against deep-sea mining revolves around the alleged scarcity of minerals needed for the energy transition. Critics contend that terrestrial reserves of cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and nickel are sufficient to meet current and projected demand for decades to come. This abundance of land-based resources casts doubt on the necessity of venturing into the deep sea, with its inherent environmental risks.

Furthermore, the economic viability of deep-sea mining is questionable. The remote and challenging nature of deep-sea operations makes them inherently expensive and speculative. Claims of mineral scarcity may be used by opportunistic investors to justify the pursuit of a new extractive frontier, potentially attracting government subsidies and generating profits through speculation rather than sustainable resource extraction.

Deep-Sea Mining vs. Land-Based Mining: A False Dichotomy

Proponents of deep-sea mining often argue that it can replace or reduce the need for land-based mining, which is associated with social and environmental problems, including displacement of communities, infringement on indigenous rights, and habitat destruction. However, critics argue that deep-sea mining will not necessarily displace or replace existing land-based mining operations. Mining contracts on land typically span decades, and companies are unlikely to abandon ongoing or planned projects, even if deep-sea mining becomes a reality.

Moreover, deep-sea mining faces many of the same challenges as land-based mining, while also introducing new problems. Social issues related to the transportation, processing, and distribution of minerals remain relevant, regardless of the source. The maritime industry, in general, is plagued by issues of modern slavery and labor violations, which are notoriously difficult to monitor and address. Therefore, deep-sea mining does not offer a solution to the social problems associated with land-based mining and may exacerbate existing challenges.

The Common Heritage of Humankind and the Global South

The international seabed is designated as the "common heritage of humankind" under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This principle implies that the benefits derived from deep-sea mining should be distributed fairly among all countries, with particular consideration for developing nations.

However, historical patterns suggest that commercial partnerships between developing countries in the Global South and corporations from the North may not result in equitable distribution of wealth. Past ventures have often left developing nations saddled with debt and facing uncertain economic outcomes. Concerns remain about whether agreements with developing nations will be honored, particularly in light of partnerships with companies based in developed nations.

A Risky Investment?

The financial viability of deep-sea mining remains uncertain. Several large corporate investors have withdrawn from the industry, and some companies have faced bankruptcy. Poor financial performance has led to delisting notices from stock exchanges for some companies involved in deep-sea mining exploration.

Given the potential for environmental harm and the questionable economic benefits, the evidence suggests that deep-sea mining is a risky venture that may not be worth the potential consequences. A growing number of voices are calling for a moratorium on international seabed mining, urging a more cautious and sustainable approach to resource management in the deep ocean.

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