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The Robot Revolution: The Future of Physical AI
Two rotating, human-like robotic arms, designed for physical artificial intelligence studies, replicate the movements of a user wearing a VR headset, twisting his hands as if performing magic.
Through sufficient training, such arms can perform daily tasks independently, according to the Tokyo-based company Enactic, which is working on humanoid robots designed to wash dishes and handle laundry in Japanese care homes facing staffing shortages.
Step into the new era of AI, where it begins to make its presence felt in the physical world through intelligent robots, driverless vehicles, and various automated systems.
"The following generation of AI will be physical AI," stated Jensen Huang, CEO of the American chip company Nvidia, last year.
That's 'AI that comprehends the laws of physics, AI that can coexist with us' and also grasps 'how to interpret the world,' Huang added.
Technology companies are investing large amounts of money into physical artificial intelligence, and Morgan Stanley forecasts that the global market could see over a billion human-like robots by 2050.
The excitement is further increased by videos featuring highly advanced androids, typically manufactured in China, performing tasks like dancing to Taylor Swift or effortlessly lifting heavy items.
In addition to the allure of futuristic robot assistants, the competition has raised worries about employment declines, privacy issues, and the time it will take for these advancements to become practical.
Hiro Yamamoto, 24, is the chief executive officer of Enactic, a company known for its OpenArm physical AI training devices, which are utilized by Nvidia and leading universities like Stanford.
He intends to start introducing new robots, which are still being developed, from next summer to "coexist with humans in highly unpredictable settings and situations that are constantly evolving," such as nursing homes.
"So it must be safe," he mentioned, noting the soft exterior that won't harm anyone.
'Any human role'
In the Chinese city of Guangzhou, a woman with a luminous oval visor covering her face, dressed in white fabric resembling that of a fencer, moved slowly across a stage last week to applause and murmurs.
It was the most recent human-like robot introduced by the Chinese electric vehicle company XPeng, which is also expanding into tangible AI.
Agile machines developed by American firms, including Boston Dynamics' dog-shaped robots, have attracted significant media attention over the years.
However, government backing and robust local supply networks are enabling Chinese competitors, such as Unitree Robotics and EngineAI, to advance rapidly.
"I haven't considered in detail how many robots we'll sell each year in a decade, but I believe it will exceed the number of cars," said He Xiaopeng, CEO of XPeng, to reporters.
XPeng's robots can walk and even perform dances on their own — however, their ability to manage objects, which is a more complex task, has not been extensively shown.
Their skillful hands and supple skin are unlikely to take over jobs on China's factory floors anytime soon, he said.
The price of a single robot hand, which must be frequently replaced due to intense usage, could cover the salary of a Chinese employee for many years.
However, with sufficient data and training, AI humanoid robots might eventually carry out "almost any human role," ranging from a caregiver to a home cook or gardener, Brian Gu, co-president of XPeng, stated to AFP.
On-the-job training
Text-based AI systems such as ChatGPT are developed using vast amounts of textual data, yet physical AI models also need to handle visual perception and the spatial connections among objects.
For the time being, controlling AI robots from a distance to train them in tasks such as picking up a cup "remains the most effective method for gathering data," Yamamoto stated.
Only 30 to 50 examples of each task are required to adjust the "vision-language-action" AI models, he mentioned.
Enactic has contacted dozens of care centers in Japan, suggesting that its remotely operated robots could handle routine tasks, allowing trained caregivers to focus more on assisting elderly residents.
This hands-on experience will help develop physical AI models, enabling robots to operate independently in the future, Yamamoto stated.
A US-Norwegian startup named 1X is following a comparable strategy with its humanoid household assistant, NEO, which it plans to ship to American residences starting next year.
The NEO has a purchase price of $20,000, yet its performance has been unreliable, as demonstrated by a video from US media where the robot had difficulty closing a dishwasher door, even when controlled remotely.
Physical limits
In another awkward moment, a Russian human-like robot, claimed to be the nation's first, wobbled before collapsing face-first as it premiered on stage earlier this week.
A significant disparity exists between the artificial intelligence systems of robots and their physical capabilities, which are not yet up to par, according to Sara Adela Abad Guaman, an assistant professor in robotics at University College London.
"Nature has demonstrated that to adjust to the surroundings, having the appropriate physique is essential," Abad said to AFP, using the example of a mountain goat slipping on ice.
However, significant agreements are being made, despite the surge in investment in artificial intelligence raising concerns about a stock market bubble.
Japan's SoftBank recently identified physical AI as its "next frontier," stating that it is acquiring ABB Robotics, an industrial robot manufacturer, for $5.4 billion.
Automation brings up concerns regarding the future of human work, yet Abad isn't overly concerned.
In the end, she remarked, "our sense of touch is unmatched."
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